| Humanity | Centre | Views on dating |
| First knowledge | Field | |
| Stone tools | Technology / invention | Views on dating |
| Control of fire | Technology / invention | Views on dating |
| The origin of language | Question | Views on dating |
| Counting and the Ishango bone | Question | Views on dating |
| Farming and Göbekli Tepe | Technology / invention | Views on dating |
| The invention of writing | Technology / invention | Views on dating |
| Mathematics | Field | |
| Babylonian mathematics and Plimpton 322 | Event / publication / experiment | c. 1800 BCE |
| Euclid's Elements | Text / work | c. 300 BCE |
| Zero as a number | Idea / theory / claim | 628 |
| Al-Khwārizmī and algebra | Text / work | c. 820 |
| Calculus | Idea / theory / claim | 1684 |
| Bayes' theorem and reasoning with probability | Text / work | 1763 |
| The Riemann hypothesis (open) | Question | 1859 |
| Cantor and the sizes of infinity | Idea / theory / claim | 1874 |
| The p-value and the statistical significance debate | Question | 1925 |
| Gödel's incompleteness theorems | Event / publication / experiment | 1931 |
| The four colour theorem and computer-assisted proof | Event / publication / experiment | 1976 |
| Fermat's Last Theorem | Event / publication / experiment | 1995 |
| Proof of the Poincaré conjecture | Event / publication / experiment | 2003 |
| The fifth Busy Beaver number BB(5) | Event / publication / experiment | July 2024 |
| Proof of the geometric Langlands conjecture | Event / publication / experiment | May 2024 |
| Proof of the Kakeya conjecture in three dimensions | Event / publication / experiment | February 2025 |
| Physics | Field | |
| Ibn al-Haytham and the Book of Optics | Text / work | c. 1021 |
| Newton's Principia | Text / work | 1687 |
| Maxwell's equations and light | Event / publication / experiment | 1865 |
| Special relativity | Idea / theory / claim | 1905 |
| General relativity | Idea / theory / claim | November 1915 |
| Direct detection of gravitational waves | Event / publication / experiment | February 2016 |
| Quantum mechanics | Idea / theory / claim | 1926 |
| Macroscopic quantum tunnelling in an electric circuit (Nobel 2025) | Event / publication / experiment | 1985 |
| Interpretations of quantum mechanics | Question | |
| The Copenhagen interpretation | Idea / theory / claim | 1927 |
| Pilot-wave theory (de Broglie–Bohm) | Idea / theory / claim | 1952 |
| The many-worlds interpretation (Everett) | Idea / theory / claim | 1957 |
| Objective-collapse theories (GRW, Diósi–Penrose) | Idea / theory / claim | 1986 |
| QBism (Quantum Bayesianism) | Idea / theory / claim | 2014 |
| The Standard Model | Idea / theory / claim | 1967 |
| Discovery of the Higgs boson | Event / publication / experiment | July 2012 |
| The muon magnetic moment (g−2), final measurement | Event / publication / experiment | June 2025 |
| Making gold by nuclear transmutation | Event / publication / experiment | 1981 |
| The luminiferous aether | Idea / theory / claim | |
| Quantum gravity (open question) | Question | |
| Energy | Field | |
| The steam engine | Technology / invention | 1769 |
| Electromagnetic induction and electricity generation | Event / publication / experiment | August 1831 |
| The laws of thermodynamics | Idea / theory / claim | 1850 |
| Nuclear fission | Event / publication / experiment | 1939 |
| The silicon solar cell | Technology / invention | 1954 |
| The Kardashev scale | Idea / theory / claim | 1964 |
| Cold fusion (low-energy nuclear reactions) | Idea / theory / claim | March 1989 |
| Fusion energy and ignition | Event / publication / experiment | December 5, 2022 |
| Perpetual motion machines and "free energy" claims | Idea / theory / claim | |
| Technology and engineering | Field | |
| Movable-type printing | Technology / invention | c. 1455 |
| Powered flight and the aeroplane | Event / publication / experiment | December 17, 1903 |
| The internet and the Web | Technology / invention | October 29, 1969 |
| The lithium-ion battery | Technology / invention | 1991 |
| The wheel and wheeled vehicles | Technology / invention | Views on dating |
| Chemistry | Field | |
| Boyle and "The Sceptical Chymist" | Text / work | 1661 |
| Phlogiston theory | Idea / theory / claim | 1703 |
| Lavoisier and the conservation of mass | Text / work | 1789 |
| Atomic theory | Idea / theory / claim | 1808 |
| The periodic table | Event / publication / experiment | 1869 |
| The Haber–Bosch process and synthetic fertiliser | Technology / invention | 1913 |
| Metal–organic frameworks (Nobel 2025) | Event / publication / experiment | October 2025 |
| Biology | Field | |
| Cell theory | Idea / theory / claim | 1839 |
| Mendel and the laws of inheritance | Event / publication / experiment | 1866 |
| Views on the origin and diversity of living things | Question | |
| The first origin of life (abiogenesis) | Question | Views on dating |
| Lamarck and the inheritance of acquired characteristics | Idea / theory / claim | 1809 |
| Darwin and Wallace, natural selection | Idea / theory / claim | November 1859 |
| The modern synthesis (neo-Darwinism) | Idea / theory / claim | 1942 |
| Creationism | Idea / theory / claim | 1961 |
| The neutral theory | Idea / theory / claim | 1968 |
| Punctuated equilibrium | Idea / theory / claim | 1972 |
| Intelligent design | Idea / theory / claim | 1996 |
| Theistic evolution (evolutionary creation) | Idea / theory / claim | 2006 |
| The extended evolutionary synthesis | Idea / theory / claim | 2015 |
| Views on the origin of living things in Islamic thought | Idea / theory / claim | 2021 |
| The ecosystem concept and ecology | Idea / theory / claim | 1935 |
| The double-helix structure of DNA | Event / publication / experiment | April 1953 |
| Silent Spring and pesticides | Text / work | 1962 |
| CRISPR gene editing | Technology / invention | June 2012 |
| Biodiversity loss and the "sixth mass extinction" debate | Question | 2019 |
| The complete human genome | Event / publication / experiment | March 2022 |
| Medicine | Field | |
| Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine | Text / work | c. 1025 |
| The circulation of the blood | Text / work | 1628 |
| Vaccination | Event / publication / experiment | 1798 |
| Germ theory of disease | Idea / theory / claim | 1876 |
| Penicillin and antibiotics | Event / publication / experiment | 1929 |
| The placebo effect | Question | 1955 |
| mRNA vaccines | Technology / invention | December 2020 |
| Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance (Nobel 2025) | Event / publication / experiment | October 2025 |
| Personalised in vivo gene-editing therapy | Event / publication / experiment | May 2025 |
| Traditional and complementary medicine | Field | |
| Homeopathy | Practice | 1810 |
| Acupuncture | Practice | |
| Astronomy and cosmology | Field | |
| Ptolemy's Almagest and the geocentric model | Text / work | c. 150 |
| Ulugh Beg and the Samarkand Observatory | Event / publication / experiment | c. 1437 |
| Copernicus and the heliocentric model | Text / work | 1543 |
| Kepler's laws | Text / work | 1609 |
| The beginning of the universe and the Big Bang | Idea / theory / claim | 1927 |
| Dark matter | Question | 1933 |
| Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) | Idea / theory / claim | 1983 |
| Cold dark matter (the ΛCDM model) | Idea / theory / claim | 1984 |
| Exoplanets | Event / publication / experiment | October 1995 |
| The claimed biosignature on K2-18 b | Event / publication / experiment | April 2025 |
| Dark energy and accelerating expansion | Question | 1998 |
| The first image of a black hole | Event / publication / experiment | April 2019 |
| Space exploration | Field | |
| Sputnik 1 and Gagarin | Event / publication / experiment | October 4, 1957 |
| Apollo 11 and the Moon landing | Event / publication / experiment | July 20, 1969 |
| Voyager and interstellar space | Event / publication / experiment | August 25, 2012 |
| The James Webb Space Telescope | Event / publication / experiment | December 25, 2021 |
| The first Turkish astronaut | Event / publication / experiment | January 18, 2024 |
| A potential biosignature on Mars (Cheyava Falls) | Event / publication / experiment | September 10, 2025 |
| Artemis II, humans around the Moon after 50 years | Event / publication / experiment | April 1, 2026 |
| Earth sciences | Field | |
| Continental drift and plate tectonics | Idea / theory / claim | 1915 |
| Climate and climate change | Field | |
| The greenhouse effect | Idea / theory / claim | 1896 |
| The Keeling curve | Event / publication / experiment | 1958 |
| Ice ages and Milankovitch cycles | Idea / theory / claim | 1976 |
| Present-day global warming and its causes | Question | August 2021 |
| The age of the Earth | Question | Views on dating |
| Computing and artificial intelligence | Field | |
| Babbage, Lovelace and the Analytical Engine | Text / work | 1843 |
| The Turing machine and computability | Event / publication / experiment | 1936 |
| The transistor | Technology / invention | December 1947 |
| Information theory | Event / publication / experiment | 1948 |
| Deep learning | Technology / invention | 2012 |
| The Transformer and large language models | Technology / invention | June 2017 |
| AI reaching gold-medal level at the International Mathematical Olympiad | Event / publication / experiment | July 2025 |
| AlphaFold and protein structure prediction | Technology / invention | July 2021 |
| Quantum computers | Technology / invention | December 2024 |
| Psychology and mind | Field | |
| The neuron doctrine | Idea / theory / claim | 1888 |
| Psychoanalysis | Idea / theory / claim | November 1899 |
| The electrical model of the nerve impulse (Hodgkin–Huxley) | Event / publication / experiment | 1952 |
| Milgram's obedience experiments | Event / publication / experiment | 1963 |
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | Technology / invention | 1990 |
| The replication crisis | Event / publication / experiment | August 2015 |
| Are new neurons born in the adult human brain? | Question | 2018 |
| Consciousness (open question) | Question | |
| Global (neuronal) workspace theory | Idea / theory / claim | 1988 |
| Integrated information theory (IIT) | Idea / theory / claim | 2004 |
| Higher-order theories of consciousness | Idea / theory / claim | 2005 |
| Parapsychology | Field | |
| Rhine and the extrasensory perception experiments | Event / publication / experiment | 1934 |
| Ganzfeld telepathy experiments | Idea / theory / claim | 1974 |
| Near-death experiences | Question | December 2001 |
| The "Feeling the future" experiments | Event / publication / experiment | March 2011 |
| Telekinesis and psychokinesis | Idea / theory / claim | |
| Society, history and economics | Field | |
| Ibn Khaldūn's Muqaddimah | Text / work | 1377 |
| Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations | Text / work | 1776 |
| Marx and Capital | Text / work | 1867 |
| Law and politics | Field | |
| The Laws of Hammurabi | Text / work | c. 1754 BCE |
| Fiqh and uṣūl al-fiqh (Islamic law) | Tradition / school | c. 820 |
| Magna Carta | Text / work | June 1215 |
| Social contract theories | Idea / theory / claim | 1651 |
| Montesquieu and the separation of powers | Text / work | 1748 |
| The Mecelle (Ottoman civil code) | Text / work | 1869–1876 |
| The Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Text / work | December 10, 1948 |
| Linguistics | Field | |
| Pāṇini's grammar of Sanskrit | Text / work | c. 350 BCE |
| The Orkhon inscriptions | Text / work | 732 |
| Saussure and structural linguistics | Text / work | 1916 |
| Chomsky and universal grammar | Idea / theory / claim | 1957 |
| The Altaic (Transeurasian) language family debate | Question | |
| The homeland of the Indo-European languages | Question | Views on dating |
| Art, music and aesthetics | Field | |
| Linear perspective | Event / publication / experiment | 1435 |
| Cave art and the first symbols | Question | Views on dating |
| Makam music | Tradition / school | |
| Architecture | Field | |
| The Great Pyramid (Pyramid of Khufu) | Event / publication / experiment | c. 2560 BCE |
| Hagia Sophia | Event / publication / experiment | December 537 |
| Mimar Sinan and the Süleymaniye | Event / publication / experiment | 1557 |
| Music, the brain and universality | Question | |
| Pythagoras and the mathematics of music | Idea / theory / claim | |
| Philosophy | Field | |
| The Presocratics and ancient atomism | Tradition / school | c. 585 BCE |
| Plato, the Republic and the theory of Forms | Text / work | c. 375 BCE |
| Aristotle and logic | Tradition / school | c. 350 BCE |
| Stoicism | Tradition / school | c. 300 BCE |
| Descartes and methodical doubt | Text / work | 1637 |
| Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason | Text / work | 1781 |
| Utilitarianism and consequentialist ethics | Idea / theory / claim | 1789 |
| Frege and the birth of modern logic | Text / work | 1879 |
| Nietzsche and the revaluation of values | Text / work | 1882 |
| Phenomenology | Tradition / school | 1900 |
| Wittgenstein, language and meaning | Text / work | 1921 |
| Existentialism | Tradition / school | 1943 |
| Philosophy of science | Field | |
| Popper and falsifiability | Idea / theory / claim | 1934 |
| Kuhn and paradigm shifts | Idea / theory / claim | 1962 |
| Chinese philosophy | Tradition / school | |
| Indian philosophy | Tradition / school | |
| Islamic philosophy (falsafa/ḥikma) | Tradition / school | |
| Ibn Sīnā and the Book of Healing | Text / work | c. 1027 |
| Ibn Rushd and The Incoherence of the Incoherence | Text / work | c. 1180 |
| Free will | Question | |
| Kalām (Islamic theology) | Tradition / school | |
| The Muʿtazila | Tradition / school | c. 750 |
| Māturīdism | Tradition / school | c. 900 |
| Ashʿarism and occasionalism | Tradition / school | c. 912 |
| Al-Ghazālī's Incoherence of the Philosophers | Text / work | 1095 |
| Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and the meeting of kalām and philosophy | Tradition / school | 1210 |
| The argument from origination (kalām cosmological argument) | Idea / theory / claim | |
| Kalām atomism (al-jawhar al-fard) | Idea / theory / claim | |
| Sufism (taṣawwuf) | Tradition / school | |
| al-Junayd al-Baghdādī and "sober" Sufism | Tradition / school | 910 |
| al-Ḥallāj and "Anā al-Ḥaqq" | Event / publication / experiment | March 922 |
| Kīmiyā-yi Saʿādat (The Alchemy of Happiness) | Text / work | c. 1105 |
| Al-Ghazālī's Deliverance from Error | Text / work | c. 1108 |
| Ibn ʿArabī and the unity of being | Tradition / school | c. 1229 |
| Hacı Bektaş Veli | Tradition / school | c. 1270 |
| Rūmī and the Masnavi | Text / work | 1273 |
| Aḥmad Sirhindī and the unity of witnessing | Tradition / school | 1624 |
| Aḥmad Yasawī and the Dīwān-i Ḥikmat | Tradition / school | Views on dating |
| Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya and divine love | Tradition / school | Views on dating |
| Yunus Emre | Tradition / school | Views on dating |
| Religions and scriptures | Field | |
| Islam and the Qur'an | Tradition / school | 610 |
| Shinto and the Kojiki | Tradition / school | 712 |
| Sikhism and the Guru Granth Sahib | Tradition / school | 1604 |
| Creation narratives | Question | |
| Buddhism | Tradition / school | Views on dating |
| Hinduism and the Vedas | Tradition / school | |
| Christianity and the Bible | Tradition / school | |
| Daoism and the Daodejing | Tradition / school | Views on dating |
| Judaism and the Tanakh | Tradition / school | |
| Indigenous religions and animism | Tradition / school | |
| Zoroastrianism and the Avesta | Tradition / school | Views on dating |
| Mythology | Field | |
| The Epic of Gilgamesh | Text / work | c. 1200 BCE |
| Yggdrasil, the Norse world tree | Text / work | c. 1270 |
| Turkic mythology and the Tengri belief | Tradition / school | |
| Esoteric traditions | Field | |
| Astrology | Practice | |
| Hermeticism | Tradition / school | |
| Alchemy | Tradition / school | |
| Jābir ibn Ḥayyān and the Jābirian corpus | Tradition / school | c. 800 |
| Newton's alchemical work | Event / publication / experiment | c. 1669 |