Biology
For everyone
The field that studies living things: their structure, functioning, heredity and diversity. Basic concepts such as the cell, the gene and DNA emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries. There are differing scientific theories and religious views on the origin and diversity of living things; they are shown below as separate branches.
For specialists
Molecular biology studies the transfer of information from DNA to RNA to protein (the "central dogma", Crick 1958). Exceptions to this scheme have been found, such as reverse transcription, prions and epigenetic inheritance. Genomics, systems biology and structural biology are growing rapidly with high-throughput sequencing and computational methods.
Claims
- Sequence information passes from nucleic acid to protein, not from protein back to nucleic acid.[1]
Connections
Parent
HumanitySub-branches
New research in this branch
Notable in peer-reviewed journals
- MemBrain v2: an end-to-end tool for the analysis of membranes in cryo-electron tomography — Lorenz Lamm, Simon Zufferey, Hanyi Zhang et al. · 2026-09-08 · Nature Methods
- Efficient differential expression analysis of large-scale single-cell transcriptomics data using Dreamlet — Gabriel E. Hoffman, Donghoon Lee, Jaroslav M. Bendl et al. · 2026-09-23 · Nature Communications
- ResolVI: addressing noise and bias in spatial transcriptomics — Can Ergen, Nir Yosef · 2026-09-24 · Nature Methods
- ntSynt-viz: visualizing synteny patterns across multiple genomes — Lauren Coombe, René L. Warren, İnanç Birol · 2026-09-03 · Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Preprints (may not be peer-reviewed yet)
- How many mutations does it take to evolve a new function? — Nida Farheen, Zachary Boroda, Ethan Levien et al. · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
- Hyaluronic acid over-expression drives tissue architecture in both healthy and diseased states — Kyungeun Kim, Brittany E. Schutrum, Claudia Fischbach et al. · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
- Advancing Clinical Genomic Analysis with a Skill-Centred Agent — Qiaoyu Zheng, Weike Zhao, Yanjie Fan et al. · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
- A heterogenetic theory of living systems — Alessandro Sarti, Giovanna Citti · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
Sources
- Article (1970). Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature 227, 561–563DOI 10.1038/227561a0archive
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Cite this page
Athena contributors. (2026). Biology. Athena: The tree of human knowledge. Retrieved November 1, 2026, from https://latifkedi.github.io/athena/en/d/biyoloji/
@misc{athena_biyoloji,
title = {Biology},
author = {{Athena contributors}},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {\url{https://latifkedi.github.io/athena/en/d/biyoloji/}},
note = {Athena: The tree of human knowledge. Accessed: 2026-11-01}
}Added: September 27, 2026 · Last changed: September 27, 2026 · Page history