Energy
For everyone
Humanity's energy sources run from muscle power and fire to wind, water, coal, oil, electricity, nuclear energy and the sun. How much energy a civilisation uses is one yardstick of progress, for example on the Kardashev scale. In 2025 total world primary energy supply exceeded 600 exajoules for the first time.
For specialists
The first law of thermodynamics states the conservation of energy; the second limits the conversion of heat into work to the Carnot efficiency. Energy systems are compared using measures such as primary energy, final energy, capacity factor and energy returned on energy invested (EROI).
Claims
- In 2025 world total primary energy supply reached a record of about 600 EJ, about 86% of it from fossil fuels.[1]
Connections
New research in this branch
Notable in peer-reviewed journals
- Entropy–Enthalpy Compensation in Electrocatalytic Rates — Andrew Jark-Wah Wong, Barbara Sumić, Hendrik H. Heenen et al. · 2026-10-29 · ACS Catalysis
- Boosting photocatalytic H2O2 production in Mn-doped Cu2O cubes via oxygen vacancies, intermediate energy levels, and dual pathways activated by multivalent manganese — Caixia Ma, Huaijing Chen, Wei Wang et al. · 2026-09-22 · Process Safety and Environmental Protection
- The role of individual nickel surface species in the hydrogen evolution reaction on nickel in alkaline electrolytes — Dževad K. Kozlica, Matjaž Finšgar, Pedro Farinazzo Bergamo Dias Martins et al. · 2026-09-07 · Nature Catalysis
- Molecular basis of N2 fixation in a hyperthermophilic archaeon — Nevena Maslać, Mustafa Rasim Törer, Pauline Bolte et al. · 2026-09-08 · Nature Communications
Preprints (may not be peer-reviewed yet)
- NEOPIC: A Neural Operator Framework for Particle-based Kinetic Plasma Simulations — Sriramkrishnan Muralikrishnan, Chelsea Maria John, Jeffrey Kelling et al. · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
- A semi-implicit unified gas-kinetic wave-particle method with energy-conserving electromagnetic coupling for multiscale plasmas — Yixiao Wang, Zhigang Pu, Xing Ji et al. · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
- Evolutionary tracks and isochrones of the inverse Hall cascade — Axel Brandenburg, Vinay Kumar · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
- Electromagnetic emission at the Langmuir frequency from laser interaction with an unmagnetized plasma — J. -R. Marquès, F. Pérez, P. Loiseau et al. · 2026-10-29 · arXiv
Sources
- Report (2026). Statistical Review of World Energy 2026energyinst.orgarchive
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Cite this page
Athena contributors. (2026). Energy. Athena: The tree of human knowledge. Retrieved November 1, 2026, from https://latifkedi.github.io/athena/en/d/enerji/
@misc{athena_enerji,
title = {Energy},
author = {{Athena contributors}},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {\url{https://latifkedi.github.io/athena/en/d/enerji/}},
note = {Athena: The tree of human knowledge. Accessed: 2026-11-01}
}Added: September 27, 2026 · Last changed: September 27, 2026 · Page history