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The Standard Model

Sheldon GlashowSteven WeinbergAbdus SalamPeter HiggsFrançois Englert

This page delivers no verdict; it presents claims and evidence with their sources. No theory in science is absolute. Method

For everyone

The theory describing the known elementary particles (quarks, leptons) and three of the four fundamental interactions, all except gravity. It predicts the great majority of experiments to date with very high precision. It does not include gravity, dark matter or neutrino masses.

For specialists

The model is a quantum field theory with gauge group SU(3)_C × SU(2)_L × U(1)_Y, with electroweak symmetry broken by the Higgs mechanism. It contains three generations of fermions, 12 gauge bosons and one scalar Higgs boson. The electron's anomalous magnetic moment agrees with theory at the 10⁻¹² level. Neutrino oscillations, the baryon asymmetry and dark matter are regarded as observations requiring physics beyond the model.

Claims

Evidence

Supporting

Measurement

The W and Z bosons (1983) and the top quark (1995) were found with the properties the model predicts.[2]

Challenging

Observation

Neutrino flavour oscillation shows that neutrinos have mass; the original model treats them as massless.[3]

Connections

Parent

Physics

Sub-branches

Discovery of the Higgs bosonThe muon magnetic moment (g−2), final measurement

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Sources

  1. ArticleWeinberg, S. (1967). A model of leptons. Physical Review Letters 19, 1264–1266DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264archive
  2. ArticleParticle Data Group (Navas, S. et al.) (2024). Review of Particle Physics. Physical Review D 110, 030001DOI 10.1103/PhysRevD.110.030001archive
  3. ArticleFukuda, Y. et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration) (1998). Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos. Physical Review Letters 81, 1562–1567DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1562archive

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Cite this page

APA

Athena contributors. (2026). The Standard Model. Athena: The tree of human knowledge. Retrieved November 1, 2026, from https://latifkedi.github.io/athena/en/d/standart-model/

BibTeX
@misc{athena_standart_model,
  title        = {The Standard Model},
  author       = {{Athena contributors}},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://latifkedi.github.io/athena/en/d/standart-model/}},
  note         = {Athena: The tree of human knowledge. Accessed: 2026-11-01}
}

Added: September 27, 2026 · Last changed: September 27, 2026 · Page history

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