Programming Languages

An introductory Python book, translated into dozens of languages and written for people entirely new to programming. Unlike thick introductory books it is short and direct — done in a few days.

A classic guide that groups and explains Python's special (dunder) methods such as __init__, __getattr__ and __enter__ with examples. Unlike the language reference it shows how and when to use each group.

Go’s official tour, with every example runnable and editable in the browser. Unlike a book, it teaches the language hands-on with nothing to install; the section on goroutines and channels is where Go really differs.

A list of libraries and resources for asynchronous I/O in Python 3 (asyncio). Unlike general Python lists, it gathers only event-loop-friendly libraries — web frameworks, database drivers, test tools.

A list gathering Common Lisp libraries and tools. Unlike browsing the Quicklisp repository one by one, it groups them by domain — web, databases, GUI.

A collection of compiler, interpreter and runtime resources, with books, courses and open-source compilers listed separately. Unlike a single textbook, it sets theory, real compiler source and runtime design side by side.

A list of plugins, tools and guides for Composer, the PHP package manager. Unlike Packagist, it collects not packages but tools that extend Composer itself and improve the workflow.

A list of libraries, tools and tutorials for Coq (now renamed Rocq), the formal-proof language and environment. Unlike general proof-assistant lists, it covers only the Coq ecosystem.

A library list for the Elixir language and Erlang ecosystem. Unlike a Hex package search it is curated and grouped by topic.

A list of Python libraries for scientific research in audio/music. Unlike general audio tools it is research-oriented: feature extraction, music information retrieval, source separation.

A list of tools and resources for optional static typing in Python. Unlike the mypy docs, it brings together type checkers (mypy, Pyright, Pyre), stub packages and runtime validators.

A list gathering Ruby libraries and tools category by category. Unlike a RubyGems search it is curated, current and grouped.

A list of libraries, tools and projects for the V language. Unlike Go or Rust lists, it gathers the ecosystem of a still-young language in one place; since the language changes quickly, check how current entries are.

Microsoft’s general-purpose language for the .NET platform, and the scripting language of Unity games. Unlike Java, features such as LINQ, async/await and custom value types are built into the language.

The University of Pennsylvania’s Haskell course, with lecture notes and assignments public. The difference from a book is the homework — and since Haskell is learned by writing rather than reading, that difference matters.

A free book that has you write a language twice — a tree-walking interpreter in Java, then a bytecode VM in C. Unlike theoretical compiler textbooks it makes you write every line; one of the clearest treatments in the field.

Google’s client-oriented language, the one beneath Flutter. Unlike JavaScript it has a sound type system with null safety, and compiles both to native machine code and to JavaScript.

A functional language on the Erlang VM, strong in scalability. Unlike Erlang it has a Ruby-like syntax and a macro system, while inheriting fault tolerance (OTP) unchanged.

A free online classic that builds programming thinking rather than teaching syntax, with exercises runnable inside the book itself.

Ned Batchelder’s classic talk on Python’s model of names and values. Unlike general tutorials it targets the misunderstanding behind most beginner bugs.

The pioneer of numerical and scientific computing, still in use and central to climate and physics simulation. Unlike C++, array operations are built into the language and compilers optimise them aggressively.

A free curriculum and certificate with browser-based exercises. Unlike paid courses it costs nothing; the certificate carries little weight with employers, but the curriculum is properly sequenced.

The official site of Google’s simple, fast-compiling language, strong in concurrency. Unlike Java or C++ it is deliberately small: few keywords, one formatter (gofmt), builds in seconds.

Explains each concept through one annotated program. Unlike the official tour it works as a reference rather than a sequence — where “how do I do that in Go again” gets answered.

Google’s short Python course made for its own staff: notes, lectures and exercises. Unlike newer bootcamps it is brief and direct; it was first written for Python 2, so check the exercises against current Python.

A purely functional, statically typed programming language with lazy evaluation. Unlike most functional languages it is pure: side effects are kept apart in the type system (IO).

A community guide to Python style, project layout and tooling. Unlike the language reference it covers the “how it is written” part: idiomatic code, packaging, testing.

Short episodes each deepening one Python concept. Unlike the long-course format, they take on topics courses skip — decorators, type hints, corners of the standard library — one at a time.

Runnable JavaScript exercises in the browser. Unlike tutorial sites it offers only exercises, no exposition — for consolidating what you have read.

A high-performance open-source language for scientific computing. Unlike Python it JIT-compiles to near-C speed, aiming to remove the “two-language problem” of prototyping in Python and rewriting hot code in C.

A comprehensive list organising Julia packages and resources by topic. Unlike a package search, it hand-classifies packages by scientific field; some sections may be dated.

Long, orderly lecture series on .NET, C# and SQL Server. Against short tutorials each series advances like a syllabus — for learning the enterprise .NET stack from nothing.

An interactive introduction teaching Python through in-browser exercises, with nothing to install. Against a book, each section ends in an exercise that runs — you see immediately whether it stuck.

An introduction to shell scripting through exercises that run in the browser. Against the shell manuals the difference is that experimenting is free — you can try rm without hesitating over what it might hit.

The community-maintained online edition of the best-known Haskell introduction. Against the academic Haskell texts the difference is tone: it gets to monads through drawings and incremental examples rather than category theory.

Teaches Python, SQL and R through runnable examples, opening each concept with one small piece of code. Against documentation the order is reversed — working example first, explanation after — which also makes it a fast syntax refresher.

A long series building an interpreter step by step in Python, constructing every piece by hand from lexing to the abstract syntax tree. Unlike Crafting Interpreters, it works in Python on a subset of Pascal.

An introduction to the LLVM infrastructure plus the Kaleidoscope tutorial, the classic starting point for writing your own language. Unlike writing a compiler from scratch, you write only the front end and leave optimisation and code generation to LLVM; it makes the IR concept concrete.

A lightweight, embeddable scripting language, common in game engines, embedded systems and Neovim. Unlike Python its runtime is tiny and it embeds easily into a C program.

Python’s official style guide, the rules used for the standard library itself. Unlike community guides it is the binding source — the text tools like black and ruff are built on.

A dynamic, mature language strong in text processing and system scripting. Unlike Python it has regular expressions built into the language and a one-liner culture; the CPAN archive is vast.

The official docs of one of the web’s most common server-side languages. Unlike most language docs, every function page carries user notes at the bottom — where the practical pitfalls are usually written up.

A playground that runs PHP across versions with MySQL, PostgreSQL or SQLite attached. Unlike other PHP playgrounds it gives you a database, so trying query behaviour needs no server of your own.

A weekly email newsletter of Python news, articles and projects. Unlike general feeds it is Python-only and hand-picked.

Bundles a Python application with its interpreter into a single executable for Windows, macOS and Linux. Unlike single-platform tools such as py2exe it covers all three.

A searchable index of Python conference talks (PyCon and others). Unlike YouTube search it is organised by event and speaker.

A language and environment designed for statistics and data analysis, with tens of thousands of packages on CRAN. Unlike Python, new statistical methods usually appear here first, and it has graphics tools such as ggplot2.

A multi-paradigm language foregrounding readability and developer happiness — the language of Rails. Unlike Python, everything is an object and its flexible syntax lends itself to DSLs.

The official guide to how RubyGems works and how to publish your own gem. Against the API reference it also explains the decisions — version numbering, dependency resolution, publishing policy.

A short Turkish introduction to Python virtual environments, sufficient on first contact. The modern toolchain is shifting to uv instead of classic venv, which is worth knowing alongside.

Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, MIT’s classic text in a readable HTML edition. Unlike books that teach a language it teaches how to build abstractions; Scheme is just the vehicle.

Apple’s safe, fast-compiled language, developed primarily for iOS and also running on Linux and servers. Unlike Objective-C it has a safe memory model built around optionals and a modern syntax.

A weekly podcast on Python, data science and AI, interviewing the people behind the tools. Unlike newsletters it offers long, detailed conversations.

A guide teaching Bash end to end with the right habits, tackling quoting and word splitting early. That is the break from copy-paste tutorials: most script bugs come from exactly those traps.

A short book of common Python mistakes, each with the wrong and the right form. Unlike style guides it shows what wrong looks like.

A tiny compiler of a few hundred heavily commented lines. Unlike book-length compiler resources, it makes every stage — parsing, transformation, code generation — readable in a single sitting.

A package and project manager written in Rust, tens of times faster than pip. It collapses venv, pip, pip-tools and pyenv into a single binary.

A series writing a C compiler piece by piece. Unlike treatments that aim at the whole language at once, each part leaves you a working program that compiles a small subset of it.

A collection of surprising and counter-intuitive Python behaviours, each as a short snippet with an explanation. Unlike standard tutorials it teaches by letting you fall into the trap first and then see why.

The most comprehensive Turkish Python resource, written natively rather than translated, so the terminology does not feel forced. Its encoding chapter is especially valuable if you work with Turkish text.